What are the two basic types of alternators?

Alternators commonly function based on two distinct configurations: the rotating armature and the rotating field. In the rotating armature type, the armature winding, where electrical energy is generated, is located on the rotor which rotates within a magnetic field. This configuration is less widely used due to structural challenges and inefficiencies.

On the other hand, the rotating field configuration is more prevalent, where the magnetic field is produced by the rotor, while the armature winding is fixed within the stator. This design benefits from reduced wear and tear, lower mechanical stresses, and typically results in a more compact alternator. It operates more efficiently and is easier to maintain compared to the rotating armature system.

Other types mentioned in the question have relevance but do not directly address the fundamental design principles of alternators. Stationary versus rotating refers more broadly to any type of machine, while single phase and three phase refer to the number of phases in the output of an alternator rather than the structure itself. Standard and turbo distinctions pertain to specific design features rather than the foundational operational types. Therefore, the rotating armature and rotating field distinction accurately represents the two basic configurations of alternators.